Compliance with Competition Law

All businesses have a duty to act lawfully. In the case of public-listed companies, directors are responsible for ensuring this, and may be removed from office in the event of failure. Compliance with competition law is more than just good corporate governance. It also reduces the risk of the company being subjected to an investigation by CCS, which can tie up the time and resources of the business, its senior management and staff. In the event of an infringement of the law, the business can face significant financial penalties, third party actions and loss of reputation and goodwill. Further details of the consequences of non-compliance can be found in our Guidelines on Directions and Remedies and Guidelines on the Appropriate Amount of Penalty in Competition Cases. 

There are also wider benefits from competition law. Compliance with competition law will ensure that Singapore's markets remain healthy and competitive. This reaps benefits for both businesses and consumers, as healthy competitive markets encourage businesses to be more efficient and innovative, while consumers, in turn, stand to gain from firms that are more responsive to their needs.

As every business is unique, different businesses will have to take different steps to ensure compliance with competition law. These depend on a range of factors, including the size and nature of the business, and the frequency of contact of employees (especially sales staff and senior managers) with their competitors. 

For example, businesses which are able to significantly affect the market in which they are operating or which have large market shares, may be more vulnerable to allegations of abuse of their strong position in the market. Their supply contracts are also more likely to have an appreciable effect on the market. Employees or directors of a business who have regular contact with competitors on a business or social basis may run a higher risk of colluding. More information on how CCS assesses business conduct and practices that infringe competition law can be found in the CCS Guidelines on the Section 34 Prohibition and the Section 47 Prohibition.

CCS encourages businesses to undertake a self-assessment of their risk of infringing competition law before deciding on how best to ensure compliance. Businesses may find it useful to refer to our indicative checklist of behaviour as a starting point. If a business assesses that it runs a risk of infringing competition law, it may wish to seek professional advice on the appropriate measures to mitigate the risk. For businesses developing or deploying Artificial Intelligence, CCS has released the AI Markets (AIM) self-assessment toolkit for businesses to self-assess whether their AI models and business practices are in compliance with the Competition Act. Please refer to AIM toolkit for more information.

Businesses, trade associations or professional bodies which are unsure whether their business activities infringe the Competition Act can file Notifications for Decision or Guidance with CCS.

CCS will evaluate each case on the basis of its particular facts and circumstances before issuing a decision (binding) or guidance (non-binding). Pls refer to the 'Seeking Guidance and Decision' section for more details.

A compliance programme provides a formal internal framework for ensuring that businesses, i.e., the management and individual employees, comply with competition law. It may include such elements as training to raise awareness of the law, the use of checklists to ensure compliance by individual staff with company policies, recording systems to document any permitted contacts that staff have with competitors, and independent reviews of agreements, behaviour and staff to monitor ongoing compliance.

Competition compliance can be either standalone or part of a company's overall regulatory compliance programme.

For businesses developing or deploying Artificial Intelligence, CCS has released the AI Markets (AIM) self-assessment toolkit for businesses to incorporate into their competition compliance programme. Please refer to AIM toolkit for more information.

A successful competition compliance programme minimises the risk of a business infringing the Competition Act. A competition compliance programme can also help a business identify any possible infringements early, and allow it to take appropriate and timely remedial actions. In the case of cartels, early detection is crucial if the business is to benefit fully from the leniency programme, which can offer up to 100% immunity from financial penalties in certain circumstances. Further, if employees understand competition law, they will also be able to recognise when the business is a victim of anti-competitive agreements or conduct, and be better-placed to protect the business' interests by making a reasoned complaint to CCS.

A competition compliance programme cannot completely indemnify a business from wrongdoing if it was found to have infringed the law. However, a programme may help to reduce the financial penalty. CCS will also consider such a programme as a mitigating factor if CCS deems it to be effective.

The structure and content of a competition compliance programme must be tailored to a business' particular requirements. There is no standard programme that will apply in all cases. However, an effective competition compliance programme should contain the following elements: 

• Active implementation
  
  A competition compliance programme goes further than a written or verbal commitment to comply with the law. It should be actively implemented and promoted through appropriate policies and procedures. 

• Appropriate policies and procedures to ensure compliance with competition law 
  
  For a competition compliance programme to work well, businesses should put in place effective policies supported by appropriate procedures. An effective policy could include seeking a written undertaking from employees and directors to conduct their business dealings within the compliance framework and taking disciplinary action against employees/directors whose actions resulted in an infringement of the law. The relevant procedures should give employees avenues to seek advice on whether a particular transaction complies with competition law and report activities that they suspect infringe the law.
  
  Staff should be educated on the business' policy and procedures on compliance. One way of doing this would be to issue a compliance manual/handbook detailing competition law and the business' compliance procedures.
  For businesses developing or deploying Artificial Intelligence, CCS has released the AI Markets (AIM) self-assessment toolkit for businesses to incorporate into their competition compliance programme. Please refer to AIM toolkit for more information.

• Support and adherence of senior management
  
  The support and adherence of senior management should be visible, active and regularly reinforced, as these are important indicators of a business' commitment to comply with competition law. They not only signal to external stakeholders that the business values compliance, but also encourage junior employees within the organization to support the compliance programme and actively follow its principles.

• Active and ongoing training for employees at all levels who may be involved in activities concerning competition law
  
  Training on competition law itself and on the business' policies and procedures in relation to compliance should be conducted. The training could be offered as part of the induction programme for new staff and on a regular basis thereafter to reinforce the compliance message and keep staff updated on any changes in business practices and the law. Businesses should keep a record of any training given.

• Regular evaluation and review 
  
  Evaluation is essential as a means of ensuring that the competition compliance programme is working properly, as well as to identify and address areas of potential risk. Evaluation could take the form of testing individual employees' knowledge of the law, policy and procedures. Adherence to compliance policy could also be used as one of the criteria against which an individual's and department's performance is appraised. The evaluation process should be carried out as openly as possible to indicate to employees that their conduct is constantly subject to review against the terms of the competition compliance programme. Firms may also wish to include independent reviews of their agreements or behaviour on a sampling basis.
  
  Businesses developing or deploying Artificial Intelligence are also encouraged to regularly evaluate their AI models and business practices using the AI Markets (AIM) toolkit released by CCS. CCS recommends conducting the AIM toolkit self-assessment regularly (at least three times), particularly during significant milestones such as:

  • Initial AI model deployment

  • Before releasing a developed AI model

  • When implementing major changes in business policy

  •  Please refer to AIM toolkit for more information.

Information on the different types of compliance programme is extensively available on the Internet. You may also wish to consider seeking professional advice from a legal adviser or a compliance specialist. Putting a competition compliance programme in place should be seen as the start of an ongoing process, rather than an end in itself. The programme must be ongoing and sufficiently flexible to adapt to the changing requirements of the business. The regular evaluation process should ensure that the competition compliance programme continues to be relevant to the company's business.

For businesses developing or deploying Artificial Intelligence, CCS has released the AI Markets (AIM) self-assessment toolkit for businesses to incorporate into their competition compliance programme. Please refer to AIM toolkit for more information.

CCS does not endorse individual competition compliance programmes, but may refer to examples of best practices from time to time in its public communications.